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The Bagmati: Issues, Challenges and Prospects


The quality of the Bagmati River and its surroundings in Kathmandu has degraded substantially over the last two decades. More particularly, water quality near the shrines of Pashupati, Sankhamul and Teku, places where people offer prayers and carry out rituals like funerals and bathing, has deteriorated. The degraded state of the river and its tributaries is attributable to rapid changes in lifestyle and drastic increases in population. As the number of buildings has increased and modernisation take hold, the installation of flush toilets, washing machines and solar water heaters has dramatically increased water use. A typical three-story modern building in Kathmandu has a minimum of four to five flush toilets. All three technologies contribute to individual comfort, it is true, but they also increase the volume of non-consumptive and sanitary water used within a household. Almost all of this water is converted to grey and black waters.

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